Pinworms, scientifically known as Enterobius vermicularis, are a common intestinal parasite in children that can cause significant discomfort, particularly due to intense nighttime itching around the anal area. Infection begins when microscopic eggs, often found on objects, bedding, or under fingernails, are accidentally ingested. Once in the small intestine, the eggs hatch, and larvae migrate to the colon, where they mature. At night, adult female pinworms lay eggs in the perianal region, causing itching that disrupts sleep and may irritate the skin.

Scratching the affected area increases the risk of reinfection and facilitates the spread of eggs throughout the household. Diagnosis is typically performed using the Graham tape test, where adhesive tape is applied to the anal area in the morning to collect eggs for laboratory identification. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications, usually administered in two doses, and should include all family members to prevent recurrence.

Prevention is crucial: frequent handwashing, keeping nails short, washing bedding in hot water, and cleaning frequently touched surfaces. Children experiencing severe nighttime itching should see a pediatrician promptly for diagnosis and treatment.